More Quotes by Horace Bushnell:

God in Christ: Three Discourses presented at New Haven, Cambridge, Andover

"A metaphysical trinity must be assaulted by a metaphysical unity." (pg. 130)

Speaking of Trinitarians: "Father, Son, and Holy Ghost, are, in their view, socially united only, and preside in that way, as a kind of celestial tritheocracy over the world. They are one God simply in the sense that the three will always act together with a perfect consent, or coincidence. (pg. 131)"

"...our properly orthodox teachers and churches, while professing three person, also retain the verbal profession of one person. They suppose themselves to really hold that God is one person. And yet they most certainly do not; they only confuse their understanding, and call their confusion faith." (pg. 131)

John 1:1

I truly believe that we are going to see a day where the Oneness view will either predominate or at least be seen as a legitimate alternative to the Trinitarian hypothesis. Exegetically Trinitarianism is a needless interpreting of the text.

Eg. The Trinitarian argument is always fraught with a presupposition. In regards to pros, and contrary to many Trinitarian apologists, pros does not demand the notion of "in a face-to-face relationship with." Only the context can determine if this sort of thing is meant. So in order to demonstrate that pros in John 1:1 is being used in this way, one would first have to successfully argue that the logos is a distinct person from God, who is able to be in a face-to-face relationship.

This cannot happen. They try to use pros as proof that the logos is a distinct person from God. It becomes circular. If the logos is not a reference to another person then pros would only hold its normal meaning of "with."

John's parallel account in I John 1:1-2 demonstrates that John did not have the idea that the logos was a distinct person from God in mind. It is said that the logos of "life" was with (pros) the Father. God's life was with him, but clearly not in a relationship with Him. If God's life can be with Him but not be a distinct person from Him, then neither do we have reason to believe that John's use of pros in John 1:1 indicates that the logos is a distinct person from God, and thus no reason to think pros in John 1:1 means "in a face-to-face relationship with."

Many Jews and Muslims reject Christianity, not merely due to their depravity, but also because of the "Christian" doctrine of the Trinity. It is not Christian, it is Romish and to MANY (esp. if you enjoy history) that means ALOT. Protestants haven't PROTESTED ENOUGH.

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More Worthwhile Quotes:

"It is my opinion that the majority of Christians overlook, deny or, at the very least, minimize the problems of what it means to be a fallen human being...professing Christians tend to think that the nature of humanity is basically good and is only thrown off course by the power of temptation...The Bible...teaches that man is an apostate creature, fallen from his original innocence...depraved...impacted by sin...As Milton said in Paradise Lost:

Into what depth thou seest
From what height fallen

(excerpted from "the book that helped end slavery in England. Now in modern language. Real Christianity by William Wilberforce originally published in 1797.)

More Worthwhile Quotes

Some historians, it is sorrowful to say, have not taken into account this sad mixture of evil vessels with the good the silver line of God's grace in true Christians; though at times the alloy so predominates that the pure ore is scarcely perceptible.

(Andrew Miller, Short Papers on Church History)

September 14th
The son of a butcher, most of his family died in a plague that swept England, leaving him with a fair estate. He attended Emmanuel College and became a minister. He married, sailed for America, and served as assistant pastor of the First Church of Charlestown, before dying oftuberculosis on this day, September 14, 1638. His name: John Harvard. The founders of Harvard College wrote: “After God had carried us safe to New-England… it pleased God to stir up the heart of one Mr. Harvard, a godly gentleman… to give… one half of his estate… towards the erecting of a college.”

Bill Federer, American Minute (St.Louis, MO.:Amerisearch, Inc.,
2003). September 14

Theology is a logos about the theos—the logic of God. Theology is a rational discourse about God. The Gospel of John begins with the statement, “In the beginning was the Logos.” The basis of all logic is that some statements are true and others are false. If this word about God is not a logical word, then what is it? The whole idea of theology is that rational statements can be made about God. Even someone who says the opposite has just made a rational (although untrue) statement about God. Logic is undeniable.

(Norman L. Geisler and Ronald M. Brooks, Come, Let Us Reason : An Introduction to Logical Thinking (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Baker Book House, 1990). 15.)

Amendment I

Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.

Amendment II

A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.

The Constitution of the United States of America

If there is ever going to be a solution to the christological riddle, it must eliminate the idea that there is a contradiction in the union of the two natures. As long as they are seen as mutually exclusive, polar opposites, the hope for any understanding appears to be in vain. Of course, by means of a mystical way of thinking liberated from the obligations of logic and coherence, we could conclude that the two natures are noncontradictory. But a delight in ignorance and muddlement will certainly not advance the cause of under-standing, so we will forego it as an option. Rather, we will analyze the components of divinity and humanity with an eye toward finding in their difference, not a contradiction, but complementarity.

Winfried Corduan, Handmaid to Theology, electronic ed. (United States of America: Baker Book House Company, 1981). 1.

To say that before His incarnation Jesus was actually (temporally) God and only the Son prophetically is somewhat problematic in that God is extratemporal. He created time and stands outside of or above time. Thus past, present and future do not affect Him as God in the way they affect His creation. (Crownover, Raymond. Crown Teaching Ministries)

Abrahamic Covenant

Introduction:

The Hebrew Scriptures as well as a close study of ancient Near Eastern times demonstrates that covenant making was a frequent and customary tool among people groups then, just as today. The Hebrew word for covenant is בְּרִית or berith which can refer to an “agreement, alliance, covenant:” It is the equivalent of a contract between two persons or partners. 

The idea of such a covenant relationship is also easily found in the ancient Near Eastern literature (e.g. Amarna Letters). “This could have started early, because such an idea was well known in the ancient Near East from well back in the 3rd millennium BC.” This type of covenant was certainly not foreign to the Israelites. Man had increasingly gone his own way, far from God. This covenant is used as a means of relationship and expression with his people. Through the seed of Abraham God would reclaim and redeem mankind. Abraham’s willingness to believe in God and forsake all is indicative of later Jewish and Christian theologies. This covenant with Abraham is literally the foundation for the rest of the Bible. One cannot interpret and understand Scripture apart from a proper understanding of Genesis and it primary figure—Abraham and God’s covenant with him.

The Divine Contract with God and Man

In the Abrahamic Covenant God, Himself, covenants with Abraham. This covenant will prove to be unconditional and depends solely upon God who “obligates Himself in grace to bring about what He has promised.” At first, the Covenant was not revealed in definite detail to Abraham. In Gods sovereign plan He would later confirm this Covenant to Abraham in a greater measure (See Genesis 13:14–17; 15:1–7, 18–21; 17:1–8).

The Abrahamic Covenant, also known as the patriarchal covenant, comes to us from two primary sources in the Genesis account—Genesis 15 and 17. God initiated or made this covenant with Abraham, just as He had done prior with Noah (See Genesis 6:18). It is a divine contract between God and man (Abraham) with principle emphasis on at least two promises: the multiplication of Abraham’s offspring and the inheritance of the Promised Land. We will mention a third later.

“Avraham stands at the core of the entire book of Genesis, as his experiences will in many ways be reflected in those who follow him.” God first called Abraham in Ur (Genesis 11:31); Haran (12:1–4); Shechem (12:7); Bethel (13:14–17); twice in Hebron (15:5, 18; 17:1–8). God reiterates the promise to Abraham’s son Isaac (26:3–4); grandson Jacob (28:13–14; 35:11–12; 46:3–4). Even later, in 2 Samuel 7, God speaks of the same promises in His covenant with David. In the following Scriptural progression we can see the beginning of the story of redemption, as it unfolds.

The Early Unfolding:

Genesis 12:1-3, “I will make you into a great nation”: God initializes the covenant. He calls Abram (later Abraham) to “leave” his country for a land that will be given him, yet not revealed by God at the time. God promises that He will make Abram “a great nation”; “I will bless you”; a great name; be a blessing to all people of the earth; whoever curses you I will curse.

Genesis 12:4, 5 Haran: After the calling Abram and his people leave for Haran and live there until he leaves at the age of 75.

Genesis 13:14-17 Offspring and land promise: After separating from his brother (Lot) God again promises “land” to Abram and that “your offspring” will be like the “dust of the earth”(NIV). He tells Abram to walk through the land because “I am giving it to you.”(NIV)

Genesis 15:1-21“To your descendants I give this land, from the river of Egypt to the great river, the Euphrates”: God uses an ancient custom of passing between two sections of sacrificed animals (heifer; goat; ram; dove; pigeon) to renew His covenant with Abram. God also foretells of Israel’s being enslaved and mistreated for hundreds of years. (NIV)

Genesis 17:1-27“I am God Almighty; walk before me”: God covenants—“as for me”—with Abram when he was 99 years old. He changes his name from Abram (exalted father) to Abraham (father of a multitude). Abraham will be “fruitful” and “nations” and “kings” will come from him. He gave him and all his descendants “everlasting possession” over the “whole land of Canaan”. Circumcision begins as well as a name change and promise of of a child to Sarai (later Sarah). (NIV)

Genesis 22:15-18 “through your offspring all nations on earth will be blessed”: Thru his son—Isaac—Abraham demonstrates his unflinching faith and obedience to God by being willing to offer him to God. An angel of the Lord informs him that because he did “not” withhold his son that he will “surely” be blessed and have numerous descendants. These descendants will also take possession of lands and cities. Through these same people shall “all nations on earth be blessed, because you obeyed me.” (NIV)


The Basic Ingredients of the Covenant:

1. Inheriting the land of Canaan

2. Becoming a great nation
3. Being a blessing to all nations

Indeed these basic premises of the Abrahamic Covenant are foundational to other covenants found in the Old Testament through which it changes and develops. Such covenants are the promise of land in the Palestinian Covenant (Deuteronomy 30:1-10), the promise of kingly descendants in the Davidic Covenant (2 Samuel 7:12–16), or the promise of blessing in the “Old” and “New” Covenants (Exodus 19:3-6; Jeremiah 31:31–40). After Genesis 12 the renewal of this covenant comes in the “form of command, promise and reward punctuates the action.”

There is a chain reaction set in motion by the hand of God when He calls Abram to leave Ur of the Chaldeans and enter a covenant relationship with Him by faith. God had called a man, out of a pagan polytheistic people, from a pagan father—Terah—to create enormous consequences for the rest of humanity.

Eternal Inheritance:

Jeremiah 7:7, then I will let you dwell in this place, in the land that I gave to your fathers forever and ever. (NASB)

Notice the inspired author repeats the final phrase here. Rarely does God repeat things this way without significant meaning. Notice their dwelling there is not forever and ever but that the land given to their fathers is their forever and ever. Israel's disobedience caused them to be exiled from the land on a few occasions.

God promises the land to Israel, the seed of Abraham will be great and through his seed will come the savior, and that there will be blessing through Israel. These are fulfilled in a myriad of ways but from the Abrahamic Covenant does the Land Covenant, the Davidic Covenant and the New Covenant build. God basically enlarges these promises with new covenants.

The focus of the covenant was the faithfulness of God to His commitment not the faithfulness or obedience of Abraham or his physical descendants. The point is to show that God's promises remain true while Israel vascillates. In Genesis 15 when God passes through the animal halves God did not ask Abraham to pass thorugh them as well. Instead, God alone passed between. God alone is our salvation!

Besides the giving of the land another element is introduced (See Genesis 13:14-15) in the sense of "forever". The word here, seen in context or where used, usually refers to the duration of human history and can include eternity. However before this is Covenant is completely fulfilled there will be "blessing and cursing" upon Israel (Deuteronomy 30:1-2). Among the components of making his name great, blessing him, a father of great and many nations, there is also that God would give the land of Canaan as an eternal inheritance. (See Gen. 12:1-3, 17:3-8) He has indeed given the land, as an eternal inheritance. God can reclaim it at anytime and the authority by which He does this is His sovereignty and His everlasting Covenant, not with just Abraham, Isaac, or Jacob but also to Israel.

Joshua 21:8 And I will not cause the feet of Israel to wander anymore out of the land that I gave to their fathers, if only they will be careful to do according to all that I have commanded them, and according to all the Law that my servant Moses commanded them.” (ESV)

The "if" condition here is not in relation to the land covenant. The conditional "if" is in relation to their being exiled or moved from the land. The "land" given to their fathers is still theirs. This is God's promise:

Genesis 13:15 for all the land that you see I will give to you and to your offspring forever. (ESV)

Abraham obeyed God and left Ur thus launching an irrevocable, unconditional program (Romans 11:29). The "I will" language included in the promises reiterated throughout the Old Testament suggest the unconditional aspect of the covenant. The promise of the land predates Moses since the promise was made to Abraham himself (Gen. 12:7, 13:14-17, 15:7-21, 17:7-8, 24:7), Isaac (Gen. 26:2-4; 28:3-4) and Jacob (Gen. 35:11-12) well before Moses ever came along. From Genesis to Chronicles we see the same thing happening. In Romans 11 Paul records that God has removed Israel out of blessing. She is blind in part but will be restored.

Romans 11:25-27, For I would not, brethren, that ye should be ignorant of this mystery, lest ye should be wise in your own conceits; that blindness in part is happened to Israel, until the fulness of the Gentiles be come in. 26 And so all Israel shall be saved: as it is written, There shall come out of Sion the Deliverer, and shall turn away ungodliness from Jacob: 27 For this is my covenant unto them, when I shall take away their sins. (KJV)

The ordering of the Old Testament canon (or the NT one for that matter) is not a direct indication to its actual chronological order. The actual ending is around II Chronicles. Some suggest the Chronicles as a summary of the entire history of God's dealing with Israel. In the below passage, seemingly at the close of Israelite history, we have reiterated this unconditional promise to Israel:

2 Chron. 20:6-7 and said, “O LORD, God of our fathers, are you not God in heaven? You rule over all the kingdoms of the nations. In your hand are power and might, so that none is able to withstand you. 7Did you not, our God, drive out the inhabitants of this land before your people Israel, and give it forever to the descendants of Abraham your friend? (ESV)

The Blessing for All Nations

Through Abraham comes the nation of Israel. It would be from this very group of people that mankind’s greatest hope would be born—Jesus, the Christ. In Genesis 49:10-11 we read Jacob’s prophecy:

The scepter will not depart from Judah, nor the ruler's staff from between his feet, until he comes to whom it belongs and the obedience of the nations is his. (11) He will tether his donkey to a vine, his colt to the choicest branch; he will wash his garments in wine, his robes in the blood of grapes. (NIV)

Through the family tree of Abraham comes Jesus Christ, the savior of the world. Through Him people will begin to have a right relationship, a personal covenant with God, and be blessed beyond measure.

Much later in the Epistles of Paul (Galatians 3:13, 14) we would see further fulfillment of these promises as we see that all believers are given the blessings of Abraham. We are told that that Jesus became a curse for us so that we might receive the blessings of Abraham. This begins, just like it did with Abraham. By faith through divine grace are we saved and are able to become new creatures in Christ.

J.C. Gibson has noted that the calling of Abram to leave Ur “marked a moment fraught with destiny for the whole human race, indeed for the whole created universe.” He goes on to say, “For God was behind it. Both Jews and Christians believe that by his call to this one individual God was setting in motion a series of acts of grace and judgment which would fashion a special people for him, who would lead a lost mankind back to their true home."


The Church and Israel:

Often times the church is equated with Israel. In this discussion it is important to understand that they are not identical nor are the terms interchangeable. 1 Corinthians 10:32 reflects just such a division when it says, "Give no offense to Jews or to Greeks or to the church of God," (ESV). Galatians 6:16 and 1 Corinthians 10:18 contrast believing Jews with unbelieving Jews.

This view however that equates them is normally referred to as Replacement Theology or serves as a component of Covenant Theology (Presbyterians and Methodists typically hold to these views). I think it is important however to identify and realize the links here but we should also realize that we are committed to the Scriptures and not historical theological interpretation. I have gotten good and useful things from both Scofield and the Reformers. Notice the words of 17th Century theologians John Owen and Nehemiah Cox:

"The New Covenant of Jesus Christ is the fulfillment of the Abrahamic Covenant and is the clearest and final fulfillment of the historical Covenant of Grace." 

As noted earlier the Abrahamic Covenant has at least three basic ingredients. The conclusion above is only partial and does not consider this. If taken in a vacuum it could be very misleading and potentially confuses the promise of individual salvation with the promises to national Israel.

This view also supposes that the Gentiles believers described as "seed of Abraham" (Galatians 3:29) means that they are indeed Israel. Paul's description of Gentile believers in Galatians 3:29 means that they participate in the spiritual blessings that come through Israel (See Romans 15:27; 1 Corinthians 9:11, 14). In the books of Acts, both the Church (19x) and Israel (20x) are seen existing simultaneously but they also are shown as continuing to be distinct in some way. At this point the replacement theologian has no valid claims from Scripture. Robert L. Saucy has noted,

"Both the church and Israel are therefore Abraham's seed and heirs of the promise. But this does not therefore equate the church and Israel." 

To equate Israel with the Church though is a failure to see the ethnicity principle of Scripture. It also confuses God's promise of individual salvation with God's promises to national Israel. The Church has not replaced or are instead of Israel. Israel has never left the program of God. Romans 11 is a very important chapter concerning Israel and there we see that Israel, the olive tree, never ceases to be the olive tree. In fact, the Gentiles or the engrafted wild olive tree can be taken out for its arrogance if God sovereignly chooses it to be so. (Romans 11:21) In fact, it is the Jewish root itself which is supporting us. (Romans 11:18) 

NOTES:


[1] Thomas, R. L. (1998, 1981). New American Standard Hebrew-Aramaic and Greek dictionaries : Updated editio(H1285). Anaheim: Foundation Publications, Inc. (בְּרִית berith (136b); from an unused word; a covenant:—allied(1), allies*(1), covenant(275), covenants(1), El-berith*(1), league(2), treaty(4).)

[2] Holladay, W. L., Köhler, L., & Köhler, L. (1971). A concise Hebrew and Aramaic lexicon of the Old Testament. (48). Leiden: Brill.

[3] Wood, D. R. W. (1996, c1982, c1962). New Bible Dictionary (235). InterVarsity Press.

[4] Thomas Nelson Publishers. (1996). Nelson's complete book of Bible maps & charts : Old and New Testaments. "Completely revised and updated comfort print edition"; Includes indexes. (Rev. and updated ed.). Nashville, Tenn.: Thomas Nelson.

[5] Fox, E. (1995). Vol. 1: The five books of Moses : Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy ; a new translation with introductions, commentary, and notes. The Schocken Bible (Ge 12:1). New York: Schocken Books.

[6] Dictionary of Biblical Imagery © 1998 by InterVarsity Christian Fellowship/USA. All rights reserved.

[7] Gibson, J. C. (2001, c1981). Genesis : Volume 2. The Daily study Bible series (5). Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press.

[8] Owen, John and Coxe, Nehemiah. Covenant Theology: From Adam to Christ (Palmsdale: Reformed Baptist Academic Press, 2005), 181.

[9] Saucy, L. Robert. The Church in God's Program. Copyright (c) 1972 by The Moody Bible Institute of Chicago. Pg. 75

Reigning With Christ (Millenial Reign)

Introduction to Premillenialism:

Nearing the close of the prophetic and apocalyptic Revelation of Jesus Christ to the Apostle John a startling and exciting revelation takes place. In chapter 20 John records:

(1) I saw an angel coming down out of heaven, having the key to the Abyss and holding in his hand a great chain. (2) He seized the dragon, that ancient serpent, who is the devil, or Satan, and bound him for a thousand years. (3) He threw him into the Abyss, and locked and sealed it over him, to keep him from deceiving the nations anymore until the thousand years were ended. After that, he must be set free for a short time. (4) I saw thrones on which were seated those who had been given authority to judge. And I saw the souls of those who had been beheaded because of their testimony for Jesus and because of the word of God. They had not worshiped the beast or his image and had not received his mark on their foreheads or their hands. They came to life and reigned with Christ a thousand years. (5) (The rest of the dead did not come to life until the thousand years were ended.) This is the first resurrection. (6) Blessed and holy are those who have part in the first resurrection. The second death has no power over them, but they will be priests of God and of Christ and will reign with him for a thousand years. Revelation 20:1-6 NIV

As the Lord has commanded him, John records the sayings of the Revelation. In 20:4-6 we see those of the “first resurrection” or those who had not compromised their “testimony of Jesus” coming to life and reigning “with Christ a thousand years.” (v. 4) Being a Jew by birth John was doubtlessly raised being faithful to the Torah and the writings of the prophets. One whom he was familiar with could no doubt be the prophet Zechariah and his prophecy in 14:9:

The LORD will be king over the whole earth. On that day there will be one LORD, and his name the only name. Zechariah 14:9 NIV

John was very aware and familiar with prophecy that related to a Messiah coming to earth to rule and reign. Zechariah makes this clear, “The LORD will be king over the whole earth.” This kingdom will be set up when Christ returns a second time, in the clouds of the sky, just as He departed (See Matthew 24:30; Revelations 1:7). His coming is a blessed hope. J. D. Pentecost has stated, “That to which all Scripture looks forward and to which all history presses is the second advent of the Lord Jesus Christ to the earth.”1

The People of The Millennium:

The people enjoying the millennium will be comprised of Old Testament saints and the saved Jews and Gentiles. Throughout Scripture we see that the Bible distinguishes true Israel from the Church. Israelites can be saved here, and now. However, there are distinctions that must be made. Most of the Old Testament prophecies foretell of an earthly rule of righteousness and peace. This is satisfied soteriologically and universally but not all the promises and prophecies have been fulfilled. Removal of the curse on the earth and the elimination of sickness hasn't occured yet (see Isa. 11:6-9; 33:24) nor harmony in the animal kingdom (see Isa. 11:6-9; 65:25). The fact that a number of years is not mentioned in the prophetic writings is not needed because a reign will occur in which the explanation of a millennium is coherent. It is consistent from Old Testament to New Testament.

There is much Old Testament prophecy relating to the regathering of Israel (See Isaiah 27:12; 43:5-7; Jeremiah 12:15; 24:6; Hosea 12:9; Micah 4:6; Zephaniah 3:20). This hope of restoring Israel will occur when Christ comes again, and during the Reign of Christ for a millennia. In order to avoid confusion, we should not make Gentile Christians the recipients of Israelite prophetic fulfillment (See Romans 11:1ff.) I have addressed this more here in a post entitled Abrahamic Covenant.

The Nature of the Millenium:

The Reign of Christ is vividly prophesied of in Revelations 20—“one of the great chapters of the Bible”2 Indeed when Christ returns it will be in triumph, victory and setting up a thousand years of peace. Just prior to His return (v. 2 ff.) however an angel from heaven seizes “the dragon, that ancient serpent, who is the devil, or Satan” and binds him for the duration of the “thousand years” (NIV). Biblical scholar Donald G. Bloeshe suggests that many passages foretell of a future, in space and time, which "embodies millennial expectations":

"When we turn to the Old Testament, we find many passages that depict a future within history that embodies millennial expectations. The prophecies of the restoration of the Davidic kingdom and the return of the Jews to the holy land all have a distinctly millennial ring (cf. Is 2:1–4; 11:6–16; 49:7–26; 51:4–6; 52:10; Jer 16:16–21; 23:1–8; 32:36–44; Ezek 34:11–16; 36:24; Micah 4:1–5; 7:11–20; Joel 2:28–32; Zech 8:1–8; 14:16–21; Amos 9:14–15)."

Bloesche also explains that for scholars such as Paul Tillich the nature of the millennium is “the kairos or fulfillment of time when history will witness the dawning of righteousness and peace.”3 The timing of this righteousness and peace comes on the heels of bloodshed and tribulation. The righteousness comes when it seems unrighteousness has had the final say. It is during this millennial reign that Christ will rule over the affairs of men, from the throne of David (c.f. Isaiah 9:7; Luke 1:32).

During this much longed for peace those who have lived by faith, including Old Testament saints and believers who died during persecution—the redeemed—will reign with Christ. Verse four is quite clear that those who with Christ will reign with Christ. The ability to judge is committed to these very ones. This suggests that “they participated with Christ in the judicial rule of the nations during the Millennium.”4

The Psalmist declared, “Be exalted, O God, above the heavens! Let your glory be over all the earth!” (Psalms 108:5 ESV) The nature of this millennial reign will be one characteristic of peace and righteousness. The glory of God shall literally be “over all the earth!” This time of peace will be a demonstration of man’s failure and God’s ability to triumph. The peace that man has only longed for cannot be achieved till the triumphal entry of Christ.

Indeed the principal focus of the millennium will not be on satan, since he is bound and rendered inactive. The focus and attention of this time will be upon the Lord Jesus Christ. It will be a time of revelation and manifestation by our great God and Savior. His reign will put to shame the reign of carnal men who attempted to do so apart from His wisdom.

The Reign of Christ will be a political and spiritual rule. It will be “over all the earth” or better yet it will be universal. It will be in authority and power. The Psalmist decalres: May your glory shine over all the earth. Psalm 108:5 NLT

Amillennial and Postmillennial Views:

Not everyone is convinced of a future millennial reign at all. Since the Ascension of Christ various views have emerged. This vacillation will no doubt continue as the landscape of time and history changes. Certain climactic views on earth might cause one to reconsider his or her views.

Postmillenialism is comparatively recent in origin.5 Daniel Whitby and A.A. Hodge are some of the most notable men who hold this view. This view would suggest that we are fulfilling the Great Commission (Matthew 28:19) and that a kingdom of heaven, on earth, is flowering and coming to fruition today. They would point to the Parable of the Mustard Seed (See Matthew 24) and certain other parables; the successes of the Church in history are evidence as well. For the postmillennialist Christ will come after the millennium. Dr. Ed Hindson notes that “those who hold to this perspective believe that the world will continue to get better and better until the entire world is Christianized”.6

Amillennialism, meaning no millennium, would suggest a spiritual or allegorical interpretation of the relevant texts. St. Augustine is the popular founder of this view in his book, The City of God. In this work he reframed Christian understanding to believe that the church age was indeed the thousand year reign. William Hendriksen is another notable who held to this view. Adherents to this view also sees the spiritual kingdom being fulfilled now in a spiritual sense—on earth or in heaven. To the amillenialist heaven follows the Second Coming of Christ, not a literal millennial kingdom. “Those who hold to this view do not adhere to a simple and plain literal interpretation of Scripture.”7

Church History:

“It is generally agreed that the view of the church for the centuries immediately following the Apostolic era was the premillennial view of the return of Christ.”8 In his Systematic Theology Robert Culver states: “It is not surprising therefore that chiliasm (belief in the thousand-year reign) was widely spread, if not universal, in the first three centuries.”9 Phillip Schaff, in his voluminous History of the Christian Church writes:

“The most striking point in the eschatology of the ante-Nicene age is the prominent chiliasm, or millennarianism, that is the belief of a visible reign of Christ in glory on earth with the risen saints for a thousand years, before the general resurrection and judgment.1160 It was indeed not the doctrine of the church embodied in any creed or form of devotion, but a widely current opinion of distinguished teachers, such as Barnabas, Papias, Justin Martyr, Irenaeus, Tertullian, Methodius, and Lactantius; while Caius, Origen, Dionysius the Great, Eusebius (as afterwards Jerome and Augustine) opposed it.”10

Here Schaff, who was not a proponent of premillenialism, cites men such as Barnabas, Papias, Justin, and Irenaeus as early teachers of that very view. Not long after Romish doctrines began to take root in the primitive church amillenarianism became popular. It seemed the hope of Christ’s return where man rule and reigned with Christ was misplaced. At this point amilleniarianism began to ascend and eclipse premillenialism. In the post-Reformation era however postmillennialism began its rise. Postmillennialism would lose its luster during WWII.

Conclusion:

Using a literal method of interpretation one cannot deny that the Second Coming of Christ is both literal and accompanied by a millennial reign. It is the place, nature, and timing of these events that believers have debated for some time.

The Millennium is always possible and maybe necessary because not all of the promises given to Israel have been fulfilled. A literal reading of Revelations 20 will produce a premillenial view. Other views will have to spiritualize this unit of text. Unlike the present condition of earth, which is full of confusion and chaos, Christ will usher in a “golden era of peace and prosperity”11 This Reign of Christ will be marked by allegiance and devotion to Him alone. As a result of truly Godly leadership (Christ) joy, peace, healing, protection, and justice will flourish.

In his work The Last Things: Resurrection, Judgement, Glory Bloesch rightly warns premillennialist. He suggests:
In addition an egocentric strand runs through premillennialism. The Christian goal sometimes appears to be experiencing the pleasures of the millennium rather than glorifying God in lowly service. Our service to the world should be fueled by hope in the second advent of Christ, but this hope should turn us ever more to the world in its poverty and misery rather than away from the world toward an idyllic kingdom that lies on the other side of history.

Christians must not just sit by idle and complacent as though we must wait to experience pleasure and life in Christ only in the Millennium. The Kingdom of God has come and is coming. Jesus has come* and will come again but this does not mean believers must simply wait and do nothing. We should fuel and not stifle our "service to the world" by this "hope". It is all the more reason to do something for the Kingdom now. This side of history.


NOTES:

1 Pentecost, J. Dwight. Things to Come (p. 370). © 1958 by Dunham Publishing Co. Zondervan

2 Walvoord, John F. The Revelation of Jesus Christ (p 282). © 1966 by Moody Bible Institute of Chicago.

3 Bloesch, Donald. G. (2004). The Last Things: Resurrection, Judgment, Glory (91). Downers Grove, Ill.: InterVarsity Press.

4 Gregg, S. (1997). Revelation, Four Views: A Parallel Commentary (Re 20:4-6). Nashville, Tenn.: T. Nelson Publishers.

5 Culver, Robert D. Systematic Theology © 2005 by Robert Duncan Culver. All rights reserved.

6 Hindson, Ed. Et al. The Popular Encyclopedia of Bible Prophecy (p. 234). © 2004 by Tim Lahaye and Ed Hindson

7 Ibid. p. 234

8 Pentecost, J. Dwight. Things to Come (p. 373). © 1958 by Dunham Publishing Co. Zondervan

9 Culver, Robert D. Systematic Theology © 2005 by Robert Duncan Culver. All rights reserved.

10Schaff, P., & Schaff, D. S. (1997). History of the Christian church. Oak Harbor, WA: Logos Research Systems, Inc.

11 Hindson, Ed. The Book of Revelation: Unlocking the Future (p. 200). Twenty-First Century Commentary Series © 2002 by Tyndale Theological Seminary

* In some way Jesus was active and present in the judgment of Jerusalem in AD 70 which He foretold. This however should not cause us to not look for His final return.